Civil Works
- Axis of dam: A vertical plane or curved surface, appearing as a line in plan or cross section, to which horizontal dimensions can be referred
- Baffle block: One of a series of upright obstructions usually of concrete, constructed in a channel or stilling basin, designed to dissipate the energy of water flowing at high velocity.
- Bedrock: A general term for any solid rock, not exhibiting soil-like properties, that underlies soil or other surficial materials.
- Cofferdam: A temporary barrier, usually an earthen dike, constructed around a worksite in a reservoir or on a stream, so the worksite can be dewatered or the water level controlled so that construction can proceed in the dry
- Dam: A structure to retain water inflows for specific uses
- Earth dam: An embankment dam in which more than the half of the total volume is formed of compacted fine grained material
- Forebay: Impoundment immediately upstream from a dam or hydroelectric plant intake structure.
- Gabion: Wire basket, filled with stones, used to stabilize banks of a water course and to enhance habitat.
- Headrace channel: A free-flow tunnel or open channel which conveys water to the upper end of a penstock (Definition Ref. ICOLD, Tech Dict Dams 1978
- Intake structure: A structure on the upstream dam face for the purpose of directing water into a confined conduit and eventually to the turbines. The intake structure provides for the installation of trashracks and gates to control the water flow.
- Overflow spillway: A spillway on a dam that functions like a dam, but allows water to safely flow over it.
- Power house: Structure that houses turbines, generators, and associated control equipments
- Rock anchor: A steel rod or cable placed in a hole drilled in rock, held in position by grout, mechanical means, or both. Similar to a rock bolt but usually the rock anchor is more than 4 meters long.
- Sand trap: Part of civil construction that has the function to separate the undesired sediment carried by the flow from the water
- Surge tank: An open-surface reservoir of water decreasing the effects of shock pressure waves in the penstock
- Tailrace: A channel for discharging water after the generation of electricity.
- Trust block (anchor block): A massive block of concrete built to withstand a thrust or pull.
- Expansion joint: A separation between adjoining parts of a concrete or steel structure which is provided to allow small relative movements, such as those caused by temperature changes, to occur independently.
- Gate: A movable, watertight barrier for the control of water in a waterway. See fixed-wheel gate,sluice gate, vertical lift gate, or wicket gate.
- Penstock: a pipeline bringing water under pressure to the turbine
- Sluice gate: A gate that can be opened or closed by sliding in supporting guides.
- Stop logs: Large logs, planks, cut timbers, steel or concrete beams placed on top of each other with their ends held in guides between walls or piers to close an opening in a dam, conduit, spillway, etc., to control the passage of water.
- Trash rack: A metal device placed at the intake structure that prevents floating or submerged debris from entering the intake.
- Manometer: An instrument used for measuring the pressure of liquids and gases
- Automatic voltage regulator (AVR): It is important part in Synchronous Generators, it controls the output voltage of the generator by controlling its excitation current
- Bearing: Device that supports, guides, and reduces the friction of motion between fixed and moving machine parts
- Bulb-type turbine: A hydroelectric set with its casing containing the generator and turbine immersed in the water flow
- Cavitation: The phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure. In devices such as propellers and pumps, cavitation causes a great deal of noise, damage to components, vibrations, and a loss of efficiency.
- Crossflow Turbine: Type of turbine that the water passes through the turbine transversely, or across the turbine blades.
- Electronic Load Controller (ELC): An electronic device that keeps a synchronous generator driven by a Micro Hydro turbine running at constant frequency irrespective of electrical loads
- Erosion: Damages on turbine parts (i.e. runner, needle, nozzle, runner buckets etc.) due to cavitation
- Francis turbine: A hydraulic reaction type turbine with fixed runner blades usually operated from a medium or low head source with medium flow rate
- Generator: Machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
- Impulse turbine: A turbine in which a fluid acts chiefly by its kinetic energy
- Induction Generator Controller (IGC): An electronic device that keeps an asynchronous motor + capacitors that is used as generator driven by a Micro Hydro turbine running at constant frequency irrespective of electrical loads
- Kaplan turbine: An axial hydraulic reaction type turbine with adjustable runner blades operated with a high flow rate
- Main circuit breaker: An automatic switch that stops the flow of electric current in a suddenly overloaded or otherwise abnormally stressed electric circuit
- Nozzle: A mechanical device designed to control the characteristics of a fluid flow as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe via an orifice.
- Pelton turbine: A hydraulic impulse type turbine usually operated from a high head source with small flow rate
- Propeller turbine: A Kaplan type turbine with non-adjustable runner blades suitable for non-varying head sources
- Rated speed: The speed at which a device, apparatus, conveyance, elevator, etc., is designed to operate in the upward direction with the rated load
- Reaction turbine: A turbine in which a fluid acts both by its kinetic energy and by its pressure
- Runaway speed: Turbine's/generator's speed at full flow, and no shaft load
- Runner: Moving part of a turbine where water power is transformed into the rotational force that drives the generator
- Speed governor: A device which adjusts the intake valves of the turbine in order to maintain the speed of rotation at a required value
- Turbine: A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy of a stream of fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas), by converting the kinetic energy of fluids to mechanical energy through the principles of impulse and reaction, or a mixture of the two
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